These demands were developed at the All-Russian Muslim Congress in 1917, where various alternatives to complete centralisation of power – namely, Muslim socialism, pan-Turkic and pan-Islamic unions – were discussed. The congress resulted not only in the consolidation of full equality of rights for women, but also in a union between federalist autonomy for the people of the “borderlands”, among them Crimean Tatars and unitarist national and cultural autonomy for peoples “within the empire”, whose full autonomy was impossible.
